Essay on Descartes Proof of Gods Existence - 1247 Words

The existence of God has always been an arguable topic. Descartes’ however, believed that he had proof of God’s existence through an intense analysis of the mind. Throughout this paper I will discuss what he has provided as proof and some of the complications that arise throughout his argument. You can find Descartes’ proof of the existence of God in the Third Meditation. Although to understand this argument you have to look at his previous meditation where he begins to build his argument with the notion that in order for him to think, he must exist. From this observation, Descartes’ sees that the idea of his existence is very clear and distinct in his mind. Based upon this clarity and the fact that he has just determined his own†¦show more content†¦This means the ideas either came from inside or outside of us. Innate ideas are what someone thinks something is, what truth is and what thought is. These ideas are considered innate because the understanding process seems to be a result simply from one’s own nature. They are in no way derived. When I see, hear, feel, touch, and talk, I develop an idea adventitiously. For example, if I were sitting by a fire, I would feel the heat off of the flames. Feeling or having the idea of the heat was not so mething I decided to do from within; therefore, it must have come from something other than myself, which in this case would be from the fire. Last but not least, some ideas are made up in my own mind. For instance, when I read a book, I develop an image based on what I’m reading but I obviously have never actually seen the settings of the stories I have read. Descartes utilizes another rule in his thought process which states that objective reality cannot exist without formal reality. By this he means that we cannot form an idea without a cause. Assuming that God does exist would be an example of a Formal reality. Whereas the idea of God, is considered objective reality because it represents an infinite substance. Ideas themselves automatically have objective reality because the idea itself represents some reality. Also, the more perfect ideas cannot come from the less perfect; this is called The CausalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Exi stence1382 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartes’ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreEssay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God1543 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example1562 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions inRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreThe Cartesian Circle Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes’ Cartesian Circle Descartes’ â€Å"Cartesian Circle† has come under fire from countless philosophers because it supposedly commits a logical fallacy with its circular reasoning. In his second Meditation, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. He states that clear and distinct perception leads to knowledge, and that God’s existence is apparent and obvious because of things we have come to perceive as knowledge. 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Despite having been influenced by the former, Descartes’ arguments––while similar to Aquinas’––are reached through noticeably different methods. To analyze Aquinas’ proof for God’s existence, it is important to first analyze his definition ofRead MoreThe Projetion of the Perfection Paradox1176 Words   |  5 Pagesend in mind, by analyzing proofs that Descartes finds it can be seen if this was achieved. The proof that God exist is a defining moment in the discourse since God is continually referenced for origin of true knowledge. The reference to God does not only set the stage for further proofs on knowledge, but as the original truth, all of what Descartes finds real can be related back to God. This idea will be key in order to keep the excising of the method going when Descartes falls stagnant when relating

Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts Free Essays

A great majority of Houston†s children enroll for school after they have enjoyed summer vacation. Houston area dropout rates list starts at full capacity, even by Christmas vacation the enrollment list has reduced to half of the students. The reason for high dropout rates is not because Houston area schools do not care about education, they are not taking it serious. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the Houston Chronicle, a Houston area newspaper, † the Houston Independent School District, for example, failed to account for 2,131 students who were enrolled in 1997-98 but not in 1998-99. By no means will that number decrease, if adults do not find what is taking our kids out of schools. A young mind only stops learning when obstacle are put in the way. Obstacle, such as juvenile crime and drug actitives, teen pregnacy, lack of family funds, and parents who do not care. Texas Education Agency reported in the Houston Chronicle, that the leading reason students dropout of school is crime and drug actitves. Children bring weapons along with homework to school every day. Some youngster do not make it to juinor high without a murder case. Majority of dropout will end up in prison and never see the front day of a college. Drug also taking the minds of our young kids. They look for anything that will help them cope with every day problems. While their problems are only grooming the addiction only get stronger. Half of the students will become additive to some type of drug, and become dropouts. Another obstacle that causes high dropout rates is teen pregnacy. Sadly, a large percent of younger learners become parents during high school. This obstacle usually affect females due to the fact that most male students do not stick around to support their child. Then the female has to figure a way to attend school and pay for a babysitter. Since, it takes money to raise a baby the mother only choice is to dropout of high school and maintain a full time job. Why do children decided to raise babies, instead of doing simple daily homework? That question remains to be a mystery to many adults. The third obstacle would be lack of family funds. Few families in today†s society still consist of a father and a mother. One parent struggling to support a family is not an easy thing for a child to watch. Eventually that youngster finds any methods to bring money into the house. Some students will find legal ways such as a job for extra money; the other half of the student particpate in illegal actitives to support their family. That child is worried about stopping his mother or father from crying over money problems every night. Last but not least, one of the problems is parents who do not care or unable to give proper care to their children. There are parents who have two or more jobs and feel that their children can watch themselves. Then other parents just can not control their kids. He or she leaves home that morning for school and the parent will not see them until two days later. The father or mother wants to help their children, but parents can only do so much. Even the laws do not take extreme measures on teen run away. The police brings the youngsters home so they can run away again the next morning. There also parents who have drug or criminal problems themselves. The parents are to worried about getting more drugs or stealing a car to care if their child is attending school. What happened to parents being the best role models they can be. Until Houston realzies the obstacles in younger learner lives the dropout statistics will only increase. While the numbers are rising our city will consist of uneducated people who did not finish high school. What type of city will Houston become if most of the citizens are high school dropouts? The city can only grow if there are educated people running it. Also, children being allowed to make the decision to dropout of school will only make the problem repeat itself. When parents are dropouts they usually do not have enough money to stop the cycle. If a parent drops out due to poverty most of them never get out of poverty. With out an education high paying jobs do not drop out of the sky, so that parent is raising his or her child like they were. What stops children from dropping out when they own parents were dropouts? Another effect of dropping out of school is going in and out of correctional system. According to America Skips School, an article by Benjamin Barber, â€Å"the government spends up to $35,000 a year to keep a young black male behind bars but a fraction of that to keep him in school. When he is released back to society it will be difficult to find a job, because he is an ex-criminal and a dropout. Many ex-criminals go in and out of prison due to the fact they can not find a decent job. As Barber states in America Skips School, â€Å"if Americans were serious parents, teachers, politicians, and kids themselves would find solutions to high school dropouts. Parents should have dreams that they child life will be better than their own. If a mother was a dropout why do her daugther has to be a dropout? Parents caring and showing it will also help dropout rates. Turning the television off and talking to their child for one hour will only make their relationship stronger. When that child makes the decision to drop out of high school they could talk it over with their parents first. Then the parents could point out the effects of not having an education. If a parent talks to their children they will know that they are serious about school. Teachers play a major part with children attending school. Many teachers have stopped teaching with their hearts, but teaching for a paycheck. They must go beyond the classrooms to counsel at-risk students and their families. Teacher may not earn the highest salaries, but teaching should be an award by it†s self. They could also help by making the classroom a fun place to be. Children will start to drift off when the classroom is boring or they feel dumb. What can a student learn if a teacher†s only method of teaching is sitting behind a desk a reading a book to them? Teaching with a loving heart will let the students know that teachers are serious about school. Politicians can put an end to a lot of school problems by changing a few laws. The government could bring poorer communities up to standard by finding other sources of funding for Houston schools besides property taxes. Instead, of spending taxes to build a new dome for entertainment; politicians should have fought for the taxes to build and improve schools. Government should offer more programs for student before they dropout. When a student decides to drop out of school they should have to attend a one day program that will show them the effects of dropping out of school. When they complete the program if they still decided to drop out of high school they should have to sign a wavier reading: â€Å"By signing this, I realize I will not have the skills to survive in the 21st century. † They are then presented with a † Certificate of Dropping Outing. † If politicians were to make it harder to drop out of school then the student would know that they are serious about school. Children themselves could put an end to dropping out of school. They could set goals and stuck with them no matter what peer pressures come their way. Kids could become members of some type of peer support groups, so they would have someone to talk to when they need a listening ear. They could also be more active in church, instead of hanging on the street corner getting in trouble. Youngster should strive for the top and do not give up because of obstacles standing in the way. When students start to take school serious then the other parties will perform their roles. Everyone places a part in children getting an education. If one person fails to do their part then the dropout rates will only increase. How to cite Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts, Papers

Life Or Death Who Chooses Essay Example For Students

Life Or Death: Who Chooses? Essay In Roman times, abortion and the destruction of unwantedchildren was permissible, but as out civilization has aged, itseems that such acts were no longer acceptable by rational humanbeings, so that in 1948, Canada along with most other nations inthe world signed a declaration of the United Nations promisingevery human being the right to life. The World MedicalAssociation meeting in Geneve at the same time, stated that theutmost respect for human life was to be from the moment ofconception. This declaration was re-affirmed when the WorldMedical Association met in Oslo in 1970. Should we go backwardsin our concern for the life of an individual human being?The unborn human is still a human life and not all thewishful thinking of those advocating repeal of abortion laws, canalter this. Those of us who would seek to protect the human whois still to small to cry aloud for its own protection, have beenaccused of having a 19th Century approach to life in the lastthird of the 20th Century. Bu t who in reality is using argumentsof a bygone Century? It is an incontrovertible fact of biologicalscience Make no Mistake that from the moment of conception, anew human life has been created. Only those who allow their emotional passion to overidetheir knowledge, can deny it: only those who are irrational orignorant of science, doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes ahuman ovum a new human being is created. A new human being whocarries genes in its cells that make that human being uniquelydifferent from any and other human being and yet, undeniably amember, as we all are, of the great human family. All the fetusneeds to grow into a babe, a child, an old man, is time,nutrition and a suitable environment. It is determined at thatvery moment of conception whether the baby will be a boy or agirl; which of his parents he will look like; what blood type hewill have. His whole heritage is forever fixed. Look at a humanbeing 8 weeks after conception and you, yes every person here whocan tell the difference between a man and a women, will be ableto look at the fetus and tell me whether it is a baby boy or agirl. No, a fetus is not just another part of a womens body likean appendix or appendage. These appendages, these perfectlyformed tiny feel belong to a 10 week developed baby, not to hisor her mother. The fetus is distinct and different and has its own heartbeat. Do you know that the fetus heart started beating just 18days after a new life was created, beating before the mother evenknew she was pregnant? By 3 months of pregnancy the developingbaby is just small enough to be help in the palm of a mans handbut look closely at this 3 month old fetus. All his organs areformed and all his systems working. He swims, he grasps apointer, he moves freely, he excretes urine. If you inject asweet solution into the water around him, he will swallaw becausehe likes the taste. Inject a bitter solution and he will quitswallowing because he does not like the taste. By 16 weeks it isobvious to all, except those who have eyes but deliberately donot see, that this is a young human being. Who chooses life or death for this little one becauseabortion is the taking of a human life? This fact is undeniable;however much of the members of the Womens Liberation Movement,the new Feminists, Dr. Henry Morgentaler or the Canadian MedicalAssociation President feel about it, does not alter the fact ofthe matter. An incontrovertible fact that cannot change asfeelings change. If abortion is undeniably the taking of human life and yetsincere misguided people feel that it should be just a personalmatter between a women and the doctor, there seems to be 2choices open to them. (1) That they would believe that other actsof destruction of human beings such as infanticide and homicideshould be of no concern of society and therefore, eliminate themfrom the criminal code. This I cannot believe is the thinking ofthe majority, although the tendency for doctors to respect theselfish desire of parents and not treat the newborn defectivewith a necessary lifesaving measure, is becoming increasinglymore common. (2) But for the most part the only conclusionavailable to us is that those pressing for repeal of the abortionlaws believe that there are different sorts of human beings andthat by some arbitrary standard, they can place different valueson the lives of there human beings. Of course, different humanbeings have different values to each of us as individuals: mymother means more to me than she does to you. But the right tolife of all human beings is undeniable. I do not think this isnegotiable. It is easy to be concerned with the welfare of thosewe know and love, while regarding everybody else as lessimportant and somehow, less real. Most people would rather haveheard of the death of thousands in the Honduras flooding disasterthan of a serious accident involving a close friends or favouriterelatives. That is why some are less disturbed by the slaughterof thousands of unborn children than by the personal problems ofa pregnant women across the street. To rationalize this doublestandard, they pretend to themselves that the unborn child is aless valuable human life because it has no active socialrelationships and can therefore, be disposed of by others whohave an arbitrary standard of their own for the value of a humanlife. I agree that the fetus has not developed its full potentialas a human being: but neither have any of us. Nor will any of ushave reached that point: that point of perfect humaness, when wedie. Because some of us may be less far along the path thanothers, does not give them the right to kill us. But those infavour of abortion, assume that they have that right, thestandard being arbitrary. To say that a 10 week fetus has lessvalue that a baby, means also that one must consider a baby ofless value than a child, a young adult of less value than an oldman. Surely one cannot believe this and still be civilized andhuman. A society that does not protect its individual members ison the lowest scale of civilized society. One of the measures ofa more highly civilized society, is its attitude towards itsweaker members. If the poor, the sick, the handicapped, thementally ill, the helpless are not protected, the society is notas advanced as in a society where they are protected. The moremature the society is, the more there is respect for the dignityand rights of all human beings. The function of the laws of thesociety, is to protect and provide for all members so that noindividual or group of individuals can be victimized by anotherindividual group. Every member of Canadian society has a vitalstake in what value system is adopted towards its weak, aged,cripple, its helpless intra-uterine members; a vital stake inwho chooses life or death. As some of you may know, in 1969, the abortion laws werechanged in Canada, so that it became legal for a doctor toperform an abortion if a committee of 3 other doctors in aneccredited hospital deemed that continuation of the pregnancyconstituted a severe threat to the life and health, mental orphysical of the women. Threat to health was not defined and so itis variously interpreted to mean very real medical disease toanything that interferes with even social or economic well being,so that any unwanted or unplanned pregnancy thus qualifies. Whatreally is the truth about the lasting effect of an unwantedpregnancy on the psyche of a womem? Of course there is adifference of opinion among psychiatrists, but if unbiased,prospective studies are examined certain facts become obvious. (1) The health of women who are mentally ill before they becomepregnant, is not improved by an abortion. In fact in 1970 anofficial statement of the World Health Organization said,Serious mental disorders arise more often in women previousmental problems. Thus the very women for whom legal abortion isconsidered justified on psychiatric grounds, are the ones whohave the highest risk of post-abortion psychiatric disorders. (2)Most women who are mentally healthy before unwanted pregnancy,despite a temporary emotional upset during the early weeks forthe pregnancy, are mentally healthy after the pregnancy whetherthey were aborted or carried through to term. The Courage, Strength, and Integrity of Beowulf Ep EssayAbortion by suction curettage is not just as simple as apelvic examination performed in a doctors office as Dr. Morgentaler and the television programe W5 who were doing a greatdisservice to young women in Canada would have us believe. InCanada as reported in the Canadian Medical Association Journal(the Statistics from Statistics Canada), the complication rateand this being for immediate complications of early abortion is4.5%. According to the Wyn report with statistics from 12counties, women who have a previous induced abortion have theirability to bear children in the future permanently impaired. There is a5-10% increase in infertility. The chances of these women havinga pregnancy in the tube increases up to 4 times. Prematuredelivery increases up to 50% and when one realizes thatprematurity is the commonest cause for infants being mentally orphysically defective, having cerebral palsy or otherdifficulties, then one realizes that those doctors doingabortions in great numbers south of the border or across thewater, even in Canada may not be doing the women and her family aservice. They will tell you that abortion has almost nocomplications. What most of them will not tell you, is that oncethe abortion is done they may refuse to see the women again andthat she must take her post-abortal problems elsewhere. Those seeking repeal of the present abortion law willrapidly point out that nevertheless, it is safer to have a legalabortion than illegal abortions, safer for the women that is. This I don not dispute, but here is the real rub. Liberalizedabortion laws do not eliminate illegal, back street abortions andin some cases, the overall number of illegal abortions actuallyrise, usually stays stagnant, and rarely falls. There are stillpeople who would rather try it themselves or go somewhere theywill be completely anonymous. Another factor enters the totalnumber of people seeking abortion, legal or illegal rises. Theoverall pregnancy rate rockets and people become careless withcontraception and a women can have 3 or 4 abortions during thetime of one full term pregnancy. Are doctors really being kind to the girl to allow her tochoose life or death for her unborn child? In aborting a 16 yearold this year with so-called informed consent, we may bepreventing her from having even 1 or 2 children 10 years laterwhen happily married. No, repealing the abortion law does notmake it possible for every women to safely eliminate, what is forher, an unwanted pregnancy. Would limiting abortions to accredited hospitals make itsafer? Yes, safer for the women, not for the fetus and it wouldjeopardize the continued well being of all of the members of thecommunity with the gross misuse of the medical manpower, hospitalfacilities and money. With almost 31,739 abortions performed inOntario in 1989, the cost to OHIP is about 9 million dollars. Yetto do as has been done in the U.S.A and the United Kingdom namely to make legal, abortions is to turn so-called backstreetbutchers into legal operators. Patients now go into the office through the front doorinstead of the rear. I have heard it said that is abortionsbecame available on request, many less children would be born andwe could use the pleasant delivery suites and postnatal beds forabortions. As I have pointed out, however, before today,liberalization of abortion does not reduce the birth rate. Therewould be little increase in available facilities or indeeddoctors time. By the very nature of the operation and becausethe longer pregnancy lasts, the more difficult it is, patientsfor abortions are admitted as urgent cases or emergencies so thatall other members of the community must wait longer for theirhospital bed or the surgery they need. Who will pay for there abortions? With medicare, of course,it is you and I. I know one full tern pregnancy costs most thanan abortion, but not much more. And it does not cost more than 3abortions and that is what happens when the climate or choice forlife or death of the unborn child changes. Let us use this moneyfor constructive purposes, not destructive. It has been suggestedthat abortions on request would enable the poor to secureabortion as easily as the rich but regrettably, it has been shownthat abortion-minded physicians in great demand will respond tothe age-old commercial rules, as has already happened in theStates and in Britain. Abortion on demand a womens right to choose not to continuean unplanned pregnancy would prevent there being unwantedchildren in this country, so we are told. This is the final anddesperate emotional plea of people anxious, at whatever price, toescape the responsibility for their actions. Nobody here or inCanada, wants there to be unwanted children in this city, and inthis country, and also in this world. There is nothing morepitiable or heat rending that an unwanted fetus becoming anunwanted babe or an unwanted babe becoming an unwanted child, oran unwanted child becoming an embittered adult. But few wouldthink it right to kill or have killed an unwanted baby to preventit from becoming an unwanted child. Then how can they think itright to kill an unwanted fetus, even more defenceless than anewborn babe just because it may grow into an unwanted child. Once a women has conceived, she already is a parent, be itwilling or otherwise. The only way she ceases it be a parents isby a natural death or an act of killing. Killing in any form isnot the solution to so-called unwanted human beings at any age. Hitler thought this was right. Canadians surely do not. It is apermissive and frightened society that does not develop theexpertise to control population, civil disorder, crime, poverty,even its own sexuality but yet would mount an uncontrolled,repeat uncontrolled, destructive attack on the defenceless, verybeginnings of life. Let us marshall all our resources financial,educational, those of social agencies, but above all, of humanconcern and passion for our fellow humans. Let us by all means,make available to all, knowledge of conception and methods ofcontraception. Let us offer ourselves as loving humans to thosealready in this country who are unwanted by their naturalparents. And incidentally, I am sure I don not need acquaint youwith some of the facts about so-called unwanted children. TheChildrens Aid Societies in Toronto and in fact in every majorcity across our country have many more potential parents anxiousand willing to adopt infants and young children than they havesuch ch ildren available for adoption. Let us marshall ourtechnology and humanity in the service of the unfortunate. And in conclusion, I would like to read to you a letter which amember of Birthright received. Dear Birthright:I heard about your work in Birthright and think you can helpus. Were in our late 20s and have been married 7 years. After 3years of waiting, we became the happy adoptive parents of aprecious baby girl last fall. This is how you can help us. Please tell every unwed motherwho places her baby for adoption how much we love her. We thinkeach of those girls are the most generous, charitable, kinddevoted and loving mothers on this earth. We know she must have carried her child out of love or in thisday and age should have found some way to have an abortion. Wecan never thank her enough for the 9 months of time and energyshe spent for us. Maybe if she knows that we think shes the most lovingperson in this world we will never know, it will help us both. As Jenny grows older, we are telling her she has two sets ofparents. Well tell her how she came to be our child this way. Her first mommy didnt have a home or a daddy to help love andcare for her. She loved her so much that she just couldnt lether daughter grow up without love of two parents and all thethings that make a happy home. Well tell Jenny that her 1stmommy thinks of her often and wonders how she is. She will alwayslove her baby. Maybe our thoughts will someday reach Jennys 1st mommy. What she did was an act of faith in mankind, hope for herdaughters future and love toward us. We think the strength ofher love enabled her to place her precious baby with us. We havefaith that as Jenny grows up learning she was placed out of loveand not abandoned by her 1st mommy, both Jenny and she will be atpeace. Thank you.