Essay on Descartes Proof of Gods Existence - 1247 Words

The existence of God has always been an arguable topic. Descartes’ however, believed that he had proof of God’s existence through an intense analysis of the mind. Throughout this paper I will discuss what he has provided as proof and some of the complications that arise throughout his argument. You can find Descartes’ proof of the existence of God in the Third Meditation. Although to understand this argument you have to look at his previous meditation where he begins to build his argument with the notion that in order for him to think, he must exist. From this observation, Descartes’ sees that the idea of his existence is very clear and distinct in his mind. Based upon this clarity and the fact that he has just determined his own†¦show more content†¦This means the ideas either came from inside or outside of us. Innate ideas are what someone thinks something is, what truth is and what thought is. These ideas are considered innate because the understanding process seems to be a result simply from one’s own nature. They are in no way derived. When I see, hear, feel, touch, and talk, I develop an idea adventitiously. For example, if I were sitting by a fire, I would feel the heat off of the flames. Feeling or having the idea of the heat was not so mething I decided to do from within; therefore, it must have come from something other than myself, which in this case would be from the fire. Last but not least, some ideas are made up in my own mind. For instance, when I read a book, I develop an image based on what I’m reading but I obviously have never actually seen the settings of the stories I have read. Descartes utilizes another rule in his thought process which states that objective reality cannot exist without formal reality. By this he means that we cannot form an idea without a cause. Assuming that God does exist would be an example of a Formal reality. Whereas the idea of God, is considered objective reality because it represents an infinite substance. Ideas themselves automatically have objective reality because the idea itself represents some reality. Also, the more perfect ideas cannot come from the less perfect; this is called The CausalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Exi stence1382 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartes’ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreEssay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God1543 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example1562 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions inRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreThe Cartesian Circle Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes’ Cartesian Circle Descartes’ â€Å"Cartesian Circle† has come under fire from countless philosophers because it supposedly commits a logical fallacy with its circular reasoning. In his second Meditation, Descartes attempts to prove the existence of God. He states that clear and distinct perception leads to knowledge, and that God’s existence is apparent and obvious because of things we have come to perceive as knowledge. Furthermore, he asserts that we cannot turn these perceptions intoRead MoreDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Instructions: First: Analyze and evaluate the two proofs of Gods existence. How are they different? Is one more convincing than the other? Why did Descartes think he needed two proofs? Do they do different work for him? And secondly: Does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us withRead MoreThe Existence Of Saint Thomas Aquinas And Ren?ï ¿ ½ Descartes1460 Words   |  6 PagesGod’s existence has long been a topic of controversy, one that spans the course of many centuries and––because of its nature––will never be resolved. Two notable philosophers have attempted to prove God’s existence: Saint Thomas Aquinas and Renà © Descartes. Despite having been influenced by the former, Descartes’ arguments––while similar to Aquinas’––are reached through noticeably different methods. To analyze Aquinas’ proof for God’s existence, it is important to first analyze his definition ofRead MoreThe Projetion of the Perfection Paradox1176 Words   |  5 Pagesend in mind, by analyzing proofs that Descartes finds it can be seen if this was achieved. The proof that God exist is a defining moment in the discourse since God is continually referenced for origin of true knowledge. The reference to God does not only set the stage for further proofs on knowledge, but as the original truth, all of what Descartes finds real can be related back to God. This idea will be key in order to keep the excising of the method going when Descartes falls stagnant when relating

Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts Free Essays

A great majority of Houston†s children enroll for school after they have enjoyed summer vacation. Houston area dropout rates list starts at full capacity, even by Christmas vacation the enrollment list has reduced to half of the students. The reason for high dropout rates is not because Houston area schools do not care about education, they are not taking it serious. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the Houston Chronicle, a Houston area newspaper, † the Houston Independent School District, for example, failed to account for 2,131 students who were enrolled in 1997-98 but not in 1998-99. By no means will that number decrease, if adults do not find what is taking our kids out of schools. A young mind only stops learning when obstacle are put in the way. Obstacle, such as juvenile crime and drug actitives, teen pregnacy, lack of family funds, and parents who do not care. Texas Education Agency reported in the Houston Chronicle, that the leading reason students dropout of school is crime and drug actitves. Children bring weapons along with homework to school every day. Some youngster do not make it to juinor high without a murder case. Majority of dropout will end up in prison and never see the front day of a college. Drug also taking the minds of our young kids. They look for anything that will help them cope with every day problems. While their problems are only grooming the addiction only get stronger. Half of the students will become additive to some type of drug, and become dropouts. Another obstacle that causes high dropout rates is teen pregnacy. Sadly, a large percent of younger learners become parents during high school. This obstacle usually affect females due to the fact that most male students do not stick around to support their child. Then the female has to figure a way to attend school and pay for a babysitter. Since, it takes money to raise a baby the mother only choice is to dropout of high school and maintain a full time job. Why do children decided to raise babies, instead of doing simple daily homework? That question remains to be a mystery to many adults. The third obstacle would be lack of family funds. Few families in today†s society still consist of a father and a mother. One parent struggling to support a family is not an easy thing for a child to watch. Eventually that youngster finds any methods to bring money into the house. Some students will find legal ways such as a job for extra money; the other half of the student particpate in illegal actitives to support their family. That child is worried about stopping his mother or father from crying over money problems every night. Last but not least, one of the problems is parents who do not care or unable to give proper care to their children. There are parents who have two or more jobs and feel that their children can watch themselves. Then other parents just can not control their kids. He or she leaves home that morning for school and the parent will not see them until two days later. The father or mother wants to help their children, but parents can only do so much. Even the laws do not take extreme measures on teen run away. The police brings the youngsters home so they can run away again the next morning. There also parents who have drug or criminal problems themselves. The parents are to worried about getting more drugs or stealing a car to care if their child is attending school. What happened to parents being the best role models they can be. Until Houston realzies the obstacles in younger learner lives the dropout statistics will only increase. While the numbers are rising our city will consist of uneducated people who did not finish high school. What type of city will Houston become if most of the citizens are high school dropouts? The city can only grow if there are educated people running it. Also, children being allowed to make the decision to dropout of school will only make the problem repeat itself. When parents are dropouts they usually do not have enough money to stop the cycle. If a parent drops out due to poverty most of them never get out of poverty. With out an education high paying jobs do not drop out of the sky, so that parent is raising his or her child like they were. What stops children from dropping out when they own parents were dropouts? Another effect of dropping out of school is going in and out of correctional system. According to America Skips School, an article by Benjamin Barber, â€Å"the government spends up to $35,000 a year to keep a young black male behind bars but a fraction of that to keep him in school. When he is released back to society it will be difficult to find a job, because he is an ex-criminal and a dropout. Many ex-criminals go in and out of prison due to the fact they can not find a decent job. As Barber states in America Skips School, â€Å"if Americans were serious parents, teachers, politicians, and kids themselves would find solutions to high school dropouts. Parents should have dreams that they child life will be better than their own. If a mother was a dropout why do her daugther has to be a dropout? Parents caring and showing it will also help dropout rates. Turning the television off and talking to their child for one hour will only make their relationship stronger. When that child makes the decision to drop out of high school they could talk it over with their parents first. Then the parents could point out the effects of not having an education. If a parent talks to their children they will know that they are serious about school. Teachers play a major part with children attending school. Many teachers have stopped teaching with their hearts, but teaching for a paycheck. They must go beyond the classrooms to counsel at-risk students and their families. Teacher may not earn the highest salaries, but teaching should be an award by it†s self. They could also help by making the classroom a fun place to be. Children will start to drift off when the classroom is boring or they feel dumb. What can a student learn if a teacher†s only method of teaching is sitting behind a desk a reading a book to them? Teaching with a loving heart will let the students know that teachers are serious about school. Politicians can put an end to a lot of school problems by changing a few laws. The government could bring poorer communities up to standard by finding other sources of funding for Houston schools besides property taxes. Instead, of spending taxes to build a new dome for entertainment; politicians should have fought for the taxes to build and improve schools. Government should offer more programs for student before they dropout. When a student decides to drop out of school they should have to attend a one day program that will show them the effects of dropping out of school. When they complete the program if they still decided to drop out of high school they should have to sign a wavier reading: â€Å"By signing this, I realize I will not have the skills to survive in the 21st century. † They are then presented with a † Certificate of Dropping Outing. † If politicians were to make it harder to drop out of school then the student would know that they are serious about school. Children themselves could put an end to dropping out of school. They could set goals and stuck with them no matter what peer pressures come their way. Kids could become members of some type of peer support groups, so they would have someone to talk to when they need a listening ear. They could also be more active in church, instead of hanging on the street corner getting in trouble. Youngster should strive for the top and do not give up because of obstacles standing in the way. When students start to take school serious then the other parties will perform their roles. Everyone places a part in children getting an education. If one person fails to do their part then the dropout rates will only increase. How to cite Reasons Behind the High Rate of Dropouts, Papers

Life Or Death Who Chooses Essay Example For Students

Life Or Death: Who Chooses? Essay In Roman times, abortion and the destruction of unwantedchildren was permissible, but as out civilization has aged, itseems that such acts were no longer acceptable by rational humanbeings, so that in 1948, Canada along with most other nations inthe world signed a declaration of the United Nations promisingevery human being the right to life. The World MedicalAssociation meeting in Geneve at the same time, stated that theutmost respect for human life was to be from the moment ofconception. This declaration was re-affirmed when the WorldMedical Association met in Oslo in 1970. Should we go backwardsin our concern for the life of an individual human being?The unborn human is still a human life and not all thewishful thinking of those advocating repeal of abortion laws, canalter this. Those of us who would seek to protect the human whois still to small to cry aloud for its own protection, have beenaccused of having a 19th Century approach to life in the lastthird of the 20th Century. Bu t who in reality is using argumentsof a bygone Century? It is an incontrovertible fact of biologicalscience Make no Mistake that from the moment of conception, anew human life has been created. Only those who allow their emotional passion to overidetheir knowledge, can deny it: only those who are irrational orignorant of science, doubt that when a human sperm fertilizes ahuman ovum a new human being is created. A new human being whocarries genes in its cells that make that human being uniquelydifferent from any and other human being and yet, undeniably amember, as we all are, of the great human family. All the fetusneeds to grow into a babe, a child, an old man, is time,nutrition and a suitable environment. It is determined at thatvery moment of conception whether the baby will be a boy or agirl; which of his parents he will look like; what blood type hewill have. His whole heritage is forever fixed. Look at a humanbeing 8 weeks after conception and you, yes every person here whocan tell the difference between a man and a women, will be ableto look at the fetus and tell me whether it is a baby boy or agirl. No, a fetus is not just another part of a womens body likean appendix or appendage. These appendages, these perfectlyformed tiny feel belong to a 10 week developed baby, not to hisor her mother. The fetus is distinct and different and has its own heartbeat. Do you know that the fetus heart started beating just 18days after a new life was created, beating before the mother evenknew she was pregnant? By 3 months of pregnancy the developingbaby is just small enough to be help in the palm of a mans handbut look closely at this 3 month old fetus. All his organs areformed and all his systems working. He swims, he grasps apointer, he moves freely, he excretes urine. If you inject asweet solution into the water around him, he will swallaw becausehe likes the taste. Inject a bitter solution and he will quitswallowing because he does not like the taste. By 16 weeks it isobvious to all, except those who have eyes but deliberately donot see, that this is a young human being. Who chooses life or death for this little one becauseabortion is the taking of a human life? This fact is undeniable;however much of the members of the Womens Liberation Movement,the new Feminists, Dr. Henry Morgentaler or the Canadian MedicalAssociation President feel about it, does not alter the fact ofthe matter. An incontrovertible fact that cannot change asfeelings change. If abortion is undeniably the taking of human life and yetsincere misguided people feel that it should be just a personalmatter between a women and the doctor, there seems to be 2choices open to them. (1) That they would believe that other actsof destruction of human beings such as infanticide and homicideshould be of no concern of society and therefore, eliminate themfrom the criminal code. This I cannot believe is the thinking ofthe majority, although the tendency for doctors to respect theselfish desire of parents and not treat the newborn defectivewith a necessary lifesaving measure, is becoming increasinglymore common. (2) But for the most part the only conclusionavailable to us is that those pressing for repeal of the abortionlaws believe that there are different sorts of human beings andthat by some arbitrary standard, they can place different valueson the lives of there human beings. Of course, different humanbeings have different values to each of us as individuals: mymother means more to me than she does to you. But the right tolife of all human beings is undeniable. I do not think this isnegotiable. It is easy to be concerned with the welfare of thosewe know and love, while regarding everybody else as lessimportant and somehow, less real. Most people would rather haveheard of the death of thousands in the Honduras flooding disasterthan of a serious accident involving a close friends or favouriterelatives. That is why some are less disturbed by the slaughterof thousands of unborn children than by the personal problems ofa pregnant women across the street. To rationalize this doublestandard, they pretend to themselves that the unborn child is aless valuable human life because it has no active socialrelationships and can therefore, be disposed of by others whohave an arbitrary standard of their own for the value of a humanlife. I agree that the fetus has not developed its full potentialas a human being: but neither have any of us. Nor will any of ushave reached that point: that point of perfect humaness, when wedie. Because some of us may be less far along the path thanothers, does not give them the right to kill us. But those infavour of abortion, assume that they have that right, thestandard being arbitrary. To say that a 10 week fetus has lessvalue that a baby, means also that one must consider a baby ofless value than a child, a young adult of less value than an oldman. Surely one cannot believe this and still be civilized andhuman. A society that does not protect its individual members ison the lowest scale of civilized society. One of the measures ofa more highly civilized society, is its attitude towards itsweaker members. If the poor, the sick, the handicapped, thementally ill, the helpless are not protected, the society is notas advanced as in a society where they are protected. The moremature the society is, the more there is respect for the dignityand rights of all human beings. The function of the laws of thesociety, is to protect and provide for all members so that noindividual or group of individuals can be victimized by anotherindividual group. Every member of Canadian society has a vitalstake in what value system is adopted towards its weak, aged,cripple, its helpless intra-uterine members; a vital stake inwho chooses life or death. As some of you may know, in 1969, the abortion laws werechanged in Canada, so that it became legal for a doctor toperform an abortion if a committee of 3 other doctors in aneccredited hospital deemed that continuation of the pregnancyconstituted a severe threat to the life and health, mental orphysical of the women. Threat to health was not defined and so itis variously interpreted to mean very real medical disease toanything that interferes with even social or economic well being,so that any unwanted or unplanned pregnancy thus qualifies. Whatreally is the truth about the lasting effect of an unwantedpregnancy on the psyche of a womem? Of course there is adifference of opinion among psychiatrists, but if unbiased,prospective studies are examined certain facts become obvious. (1) The health of women who are mentally ill before they becomepregnant, is not improved by an abortion. In fact in 1970 anofficial statement of the World Health Organization said,Serious mental disorders arise more often in women previousmental problems. Thus the very women for whom legal abortion isconsidered justified on psychiatric grounds, are the ones whohave the highest risk of post-abortion psychiatric disorders. (2)Most women who are mentally healthy before unwanted pregnancy,despite a temporary emotional upset during the early weeks forthe pregnancy, are mentally healthy after the pregnancy whetherthey were aborted or carried through to term. The Courage, Strength, and Integrity of Beowulf Ep EssayAbortion by suction curettage is not just as simple as apelvic examination performed in a doctors office as Dr. Morgentaler and the television programe W5 who were doing a greatdisservice to young women in Canada would have us believe. InCanada as reported in the Canadian Medical Association Journal(the Statistics from Statistics Canada), the complication rateand this being for immediate complications of early abortion is4.5%. According to the Wyn report with statistics from 12counties, women who have a previous induced abortion have theirability to bear children in the future permanently impaired. There is a5-10% increase in infertility. The chances of these women havinga pregnancy in the tube increases up to 4 times. Prematuredelivery increases up to 50% and when one realizes thatprematurity is the commonest cause for infants being mentally orphysically defective, having cerebral palsy or otherdifficulties, then one realizes that those doctors doingabortions in great numbers south of the border or across thewater, even in Canada may not be doing the women and her family aservice. They will tell you that abortion has almost nocomplications. What most of them will not tell you, is that oncethe abortion is done they may refuse to see the women again andthat she must take her post-abortal problems elsewhere. Those seeking repeal of the present abortion law willrapidly point out that nevertheless, it is safer to have a legalabortion than illegal abortions, safer for the women that is. This I don not dispute, but here is the real rub. Liberalizedabortion laws do not eliminate illegal, back street abortions andin some cases, the overall number of illegal abortions actuallyrise, usually stays stagnant, and rarely falls. There are stillpeople who would rather try it themselves or go somewhere theywill be completely anonymous. Another factor enters the totalnumber of people seeking abortion, legal or illegal rises. Theoverall pregnancy rate rockets and people become careless withcontraception and a women can have 3 or 4 abortions during thetime of one full term pregnancy. Are doctors really being kind to the girl to allow her tochoose life or death for her unborn child? In aborting a 16 yearold this year with so-called informed consent, we may bepreventing her from having even 1 or 2 children 10 years laterwhen happily married. No, repealing the abortion law does notmake it possible for every women to safely eliminate, what is forher, an unwanted pregnancy. Would limiting abortions to accredited hospitals make itsafer? Yes, safer for the women, not for the fetus and it wouldjeopardize the continued well being of all of the members of thecommunity with the gross misuse of the medical manpower, hospitalfacilities and money. With almost 31,739 abortions performed inOntario in 1989, the cost to OHIP is about 9 million dollars. Yetto do as has been done in the U.S.A and the United Kingdom namely to make legal, abortions is to turn so-called backstreetbutchers into legal operators. Patients now go into the office through the front doorinstead of the rear. I have heard it said that is abortionsbecame available on request, many less children would be born andwe could use the pleasant delivery suites and postnatal beds forabortions. As I have pointed out, however, before today,liberalization of abortion does not reduce the birth rate. Therewould be little increase in available facilities or indeeddoctors time. By the very nature of the operation and becausethe longer pregnancy lasts, the more difficult it is, patientsfor abortions are admitted as urgent cases or emergencies so thatall other members of the community must wait longer for theirhospital bed or the surgery they need. Who will pay for there abortions? With medicare, of course,it is you and I. I know one full tern pregnancy costs most thanan abortion, but not much more. And it does not cost more than 3abortions and that is what happens when the climate or choice forlife or death of the unborn child changes. Let us use this moneyfor constructive purposes, not destructive. It has been suggestedthat abortions on request would enable the poor to secureabortion as easily as the rich but regrettably, it has been shownthat abortion-minded physicians in great demand will respond tothe age-old commercial rules, as has already happened in theStates and in Britain. Abortion on demand a womens right to choose not to continuean unplanned pregnancy would prevent there being unwantedchildren in this country, so we are told. This is the final anddesperate emotional plea of people anxious, at whatever price, toescape the responsibility for their actions. Nobody here or inCanada, wants there to be unwanted children in this city, and inthis country, and also in this world. There is nothing morepitiable or heat rending that an unwanted fetus becoming anunwanted babe or an unwanted babe becoming an unwanted child, oran unwanted child becoming an embittered adult. But few wouldthink it right to kill or have killed an unwanted baby to preventit from becoming an unwanted child. Then how can they think itright to kill an unwanted fetus, even more defenceless than anewborn babe just because it may grow into an unwanted child. Once a women has conceived, she already is a parent, be itwilling or otherwise. The only way she ceases it be a parents isby a natural death or an act of killing. Killing in any form isnot the solution to so-called unwanted human beings at any age. Hitler thought this was right. Canadians surely do not. It is apermissive and frightened society that does not develop theexpertise to control population, civil disorder, crime, poverty,even its own sexuality but yet would mount an uncontrolled,repeat uncontrolled, destructive attack on the defenceless, verybeginnings of life. Let us marshall all our resources financial,educational, those of social agencies, but above all, of humanconcern and passion for our fellow humans. Let us by all means,make available to all, knowledge of conception and methods ofcontraception. Let us offer ourselves as loving humans to thosealready in this country who are unwanted by their naturalparents. And incidentally, I am sure I don not need acquaint youwith some of the facts about so-called unwanted children. TheChildrens Aid Societies in Toronto and in fact in every majorcity across our country have many more potential parents anxiousand willing to adopt infants and young children than they havesuch ch ildren available for adoption. Let us marshall ourtechnology and humanity in the service of the unfortunate. And in conclusion, I would like to read to you a letter which amember of Birthright received. Dear Birthright:I heard about your work in Birthright and think you can helpus. Were in our late 20s and have been married 7 years. After 3years of waiting, we became the happy adoptive parents of aprecious baby girl last fall. This is how you can help us. Please tell every unwed motherwho places her baby for adoption how much we love her. We thinkeach of those girls are the most generous, charitable, kinddevoted and loving mothers on this earth. We know she must have carried her child out of love or in thisday and age should have found some way to have an abortion. Wecan never thank her enough for the 9 months of time and energyshe spent for us. Maybe if she knows that we think shes the most lovingperson in this world we will never know, it will help us both. As Jenny grows older, we are telling her she has two sets ofparents. Well tell her how she came to be our child this way. Her first mommy didnt have a home or a daddy to help love andcare for her. She loved her so much that she just couldnt lether daughter grow up without love of two parents and all thethings that make a happy home. Well tell Jenny that her 1stmommy thinks of her often and wonders how she is. She will alwayslove her baby. Maybe our thoughts will someday reach Jennys 1st mommy. What she did was an act of faith in mankind, hope for herdaughters future and love toward us. We think the strength ofher love enabled her to place her precious baby with us. We havefaith that as Jenny grows up learning she was placed out of loveand not abandoned by her 1st mommy, both Jenny and she will be atpeace. Thank you.

M&Ms Essays - Candy, MMs, American Brands, Mars, Incorporated

M&M's Whenever I get a package of plain M&Ms, I make it my duty to continue the strength and robustness of the candy as a species. To this end, I hold M&M duels. Taking two candies between my thumb and forefinger, I apply pressure, squeezing them together until one of them cracks and splinters. That is the loser, and I eat the inferior one immediately. The winner gets to go another round. I have found that, in general, the brown and red M&Ms are tougher, and the newer blue ones are genetically inferior. I have hypothesized that the blue M&Ms as a race cannot survive long in the intense theatre of competition that is the modern candy and snack-food world. Occasionally I will get a mutation, a candy that is misshapen, or pointier, or flatter than the rest. Almost invariably this proves to be a weakness, but on very rare occasions it gives the candy extra strength. In this way, the species continues to adapt to its environment. When I reach the end of the pack, I am left with one M&M, the strongest of the herd. Since it would make no sense to eat this one as well, I pack it neatly in an envelope and send it to M&M Mars, A Division of Mars, Inc., Hackettstown, NJ 17840-1503 U.S.A., along with a 3x5 card reading, Please use this M&M for breeding purposes. This week they wrote back to thank me, and sent me a coupon for a free 1/2 pound bag of plain M&Ms. I consider this grant money. I have set aside the weekend for a grand tournament. From a field of hundreds, we will discover the True Champion. There can be only one. Sports and Games

MLA Referencing †Citing Ebooks

MLA Referencing – Citing Ebooks MLA Referencing – Citing Ebooks The days when â€Å"book† immediately implied a physical, papery object are now behind us. Many students, for example, now use ebooks in research. After all, they’re easy to access, and you can carry around an entire library without suffering any risk of a broken back! Once upon a time, it would have taken an entire building to store all the books on here. But referencing ebooks in MLA can be complicated, since it depends on whether you’re talking about an ebook accessed via an e-reader or found online. In this post, we look at how to do both. In-Text Citations Thankfully, the actual citations for an ebook are the same no matter where you found it, requiring only that you give the author’s surname and the page number(s) of the section being cited: The rise of the ebook has resulted in an increase in self-published works (Falco 44). Of course, not all ebooks feature page numbers. In such cases, you can use a chapter, section and/or paragraph number instead: Falco claims that self-published writing often â€Å"suffers from a lack of editing† (ch. 4, par. 2). However, this only applies when the book contains chapter and/or paragraph numbers. If none are available, simply leave them out of citations. (Ebooks Accessed Via an e-Reader) When an ebook is only accessible via an e-reader or software on your computer, MLA referencing treats it as a specific edition of a print book. As such, the format to use in the â€Å"† list is as follows: Author Surname, First Name. Title. Ebook. Publisher, year of publication. In practice, a full reference for an ebook would look something like this: Falco, Andrew. The Death of Print. Ebook. PMP Publications, 2013. While â€Å"ebook† is acceptable if the source isn’t in a specific format, usually you’ll want to include more detail about the version consulted here. You should also include any other information about the edition here. For example, the second edition of the Kindle version of a book would be listed as: Falco, Andrew. The Death of Print. 2nd ed., Kindle. PMP Publications, 2015. (Ebooks Accessed Online) For online editions of a book (i.e., books accessible via the internet rather than an e-reader), the format is a little different. The key thing to remember is that references for online books require a database and DOI or URL through which they can be accessed: Author Surname, First Name. Title. Publisher, year of publication. Database, DOI/URL. As such, the reference for an online book would be more like the following: Morris, William. The Art of Printing. H. M. O’Kane, 1902. Project Gutenberg, www.gutenberg.org/files/31596/31596-h/31596-h.htm. But will ebooks ever be this pretty?

Appearance and Staging of The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger

Appearance and Staging of The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger In John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger, Act I, scene i. plays a crucial role in establishing the theme of appearance versus reality. Because this play is a continuation of Colley Cibber’s Love’s Last Shift, it is imperative that the first scene of the opening act has the ability to stand on its own. Therefore, in order to exude the themes of duplicity and manipulation, deceit and denial, it is essential that the casted actor and actress know not only how to act, but how to act within an act. In addition, by focusing specifically on the tone and the word choices Vanbrugh utilizes for the dialogue between Loveless and Amanda in the opening scene, the audience can readily detect the ultimate fate of the couple’s marriage. Lastly, by choosing the perfect setting for which the opening scene occurs and by directing the physical movements and facial expressions desired from the actors, the new rendition of Vanbrugh’s The Relapse will not only be a success, but will enable the audience to develop a deeper understanding of the characters and the motivations behind their actions in less than 150 lines. As the curtains open, the lights should be affixed upon a handsome looking man in his late twenties. Wearing clothing not as royal as the king or as disheveled as a beggar, this man must have an uncomfortable look in his appearance, not fitting in the role he is playing. Similarly, surrounded by shelves and shelves of thickly bound novels, the man should be sitting in an armchair with a novel in his hand, but his eyes shifting from one object to the other. Immediately, the appearance and the setting of the opening scene should radiate a sense of discomfort and unsuitableness. Assuming that a majority of the audience has not seen Cibber’s Love’s Last Shift, Loveless, husband to Amanda, must not appear to be the fully unkempt rake from the inception or the fully refined and reformed gentleman at the end. By allowing the setting and the initial perception of the actor to become the foundation of The Relapse, there is room for growing validity in the actors’ verbal exchanges. As Loveless opens with a soliloquy, he declares, â€Å"How true is that philosophy which says / Our heaven is seated in our minds† (I. i. 1-2)! With the help of the uncomfortable manifestation in which Loveless displays through his actions and speech, the audience can infer that Loveless is not only sitting in a room he is not fully accustomed to, but he is also partaking in something he has rarely done before, reading. Furthermore, Loveless betrays him desires to the audience by revealing to the audience of â€Å"all the roving pleasures of [his] youth/ (Where nights and days seemed all consumed in joy,/ Where the false face of luxury / Displayed such charms† (I. i. 3-6). Unconscious of his vulnerability to the audience, Loveless is mentally and emotionally reflecting on â€Å"the raging flame of wild destructive lust† while verbally seeking innocence by deeming his thoughts as â€Å"a warm pleasing fire of lawful love† (I. i. 15-16). By showi ng the contradictions between what he says and how he feels as well as emphasizing the inability to blend with his surroundings, the audience can see that Loveless is trying to talk himself out of what he loves. As the title of the play will suggest, Loveless has already relapsed in his mind and his heart. In fact, the reality is that Loveless does not find the life of â€Å"moment’s peace† to be exhilarating and prefers to engage his mind â€Å"musing on [his] happy state / and full of grateful thoughts† (I. i. 9, 20-21). The language of the opening scene is vital because it reveals both Loveless’s actions and his habitual nature. In addition, by manipulating the setting and the dress of the actor with the character’s dialogue, the scene takes full advantage of the character’s natural role as a rake. When Amanda walks on stage, she should bring no surprises or excitement. Although the actress playing Amanda should be young, in her early twenties, and attractive, she cannot be exceedingly beautiful. In addition, the actress playing Amanda should have a calm gait and plain, simple attire. By doing so, no new feelings are incited for Loveless, allowing their marriage to appear monotonous and habitual. In the exchange between the married couple, the word â€Å"heaven† is repeated over five times, disclosing to the audience that their love may extend beyond reality. There is a play on appearance versus reality in this exchange; although the perfect and divine nature of heaven is used to delineate the relationship between Loveless and Amanda (appearance), religion itself is detached from their relationship (reality). In addition, when Amanda enters the stage to meet Loveless, there should not be an interruption to Loveless’s thoughts. He verbally tells Amanda â€Å"You find me musing on [his] happy state / And full of grateful thoughts to Heaven and you† but his thoughts have not departed from â€Å"roving pleasures† (I. i. 20-21, 2). Similarly, when Loveless woos Amanda by saying â€Å"The largest boons that Heaven thinks fit to grant / To things it has decreed shall crawl on earth / Are in the gift of women formed like you,† the actor must act with deceit, almost imagining that the person he is wooing is not Amanda, but one of the â€Å"wild destructive lust† (I. i. 28-30). In order for the relationship to appear duplicitous and manipulative, both the actor and the actress must exaggerate their movements and speech. Every time the word heaven is used, the actors should be exaggerating their physical interactions with each other by drawing themselves closer to each other, climaxing when Amanda says, â€Å"There let [their love] grow forever† (I. i. 39). Unfortunately, the downhill deterioration of Amanda and Loveless’s marriage begins all too soon after the farfetched exchanges of Heaven granting them forever growing love. Amanda should be slowly pulling away from Loveless’s caress as she comments, â€Å"’Twere all the heaven I’d ask. / But we are clad in black mortality, / And the dark curtain of eternal night / At last must drop between us† (I. i. 42-45). Amanda seems to acknowledge in the futility of their relationship by disclosing the inevitability of â€Å"that mournful separation† (I. i. 47). Because Loveless is the deceiver, the actor who plays his role must be able to be simultaneously sarcastic, yet charming. Amanda, on the other hand, is intelligent yet insecure. Therefore, the actress playing her role must not be domineering and self-righteous, but must possess both intelligence and a sense of fear and self-denial when questioning her husband’s faithfulness. From the once seemingly affectionate and loving exchange between a husband and a wife now surfaces the harsh reality of a relationship built upon â€Å"rocks of reason† (I. i. 55). Also, within this conversation, there needs to be focus on Amanda’s ability to manipulate as well, though her manipulation result in sorrow and grief. Amanda’s utilization of guilt is a weapon of her manipulation. After claiming the certainty of a division between them, Amanda must look away from Loveless sorrowfully as she says, â€Å"Perhaps that pain may only be my lot;† but turn to him once more with the slightest tone of accusation saying, â€Å"You possibly may be exempted from it: Men find out softer ways to quench their fires† (I. i. 50-53). By questioning Loveless’s constancy simply by generalizing men as having the ability to find another female replacement, Amanda, in effect, is able to extract from Loveless the foundation of his love for her: â€Å"You’ll f ind ‘tis built upon a steady basis / The rock of reason now supports my love† (I. i.54-55). If logic and reasoning are the only means by which Loveless is married to Amanda, then the truth has been revealed and there is no more hope for this marriage. In addition, knowing that the character Amanda plays is that of a submissive wife, she does not have any power or control over Loveless. In fact, Amanda’s fears are made so transparent for the audience that sympathy is aroused toward her while condescension and contempt for Loveless. Therefore, the actress must reveal her truest self exposing to the audience her love for Loveless and her fears of his infidelity in their marriage. As Amanda confesses with parallel statements of, â€Å"I know its false insinuating pleasures; / I know the force of its delusions; / I know the strength of its attacks; / I know the weak defence of nature; / I know you are a man – and I – a wife,† her voice must be crying out in desperation, her body becoming weaker and weaker after each â€Å"I know† (I. i. 65-70), her knees touching the ground as she accepts her position as the subservient wife. Loveless, on the other hand, is roused to his feet in anger upon hearing h is wife’s fears and confession that she â€Å"is uneasy at your going to stay so long in Town† (I. i. 65). The role of the authoritative and the submissive can be portrayed by the actor and actress’s bodily physique. Amanda must have a fragile and innocent appeal to her; Loveless should appear arrogant and self-righteous. The words Loveless uses in response to Amanda include banish, traitors, arms, destructions, roving, bankrupt; these words show the harshness and coldness Loveless feels toward his wife. On stage, Loveless must rise in anger, his speech becoming more agitated, as he defends himself by saying â€Å"I have never thrown one roving thought that way† (I. i. 89). The actor must also be standing over the actress, exuding a sense of authority and power in the hands of a man. Knowing from the very beginning that the character, Loveless, does not belong in the countryside, there also needs to be a sense of urgency in his speech that reveals his desire to leave ‘Town’ and go to London as well. Ultimately, Loveless once again betrays his inner desires for sex with other women with his air of pride. Although he uses â€Å"honest conscience [as his] witness to never have thought of other women, his rhetoric are all indicative of sex as he references to â€Å"old cast mistress† and his â€Å"former boon companions† (I. i. 108). What appears to be honest conscience is in reality a mere reflection of Loveless’s inner desires. Towards the end of this act, Vanbrugh uses short, staccato lines in the back to back exchange between the couple; Loveless and Amanda are both engaged in an unbridled rage and ruthless contempt has been made exceptionally clear in the language structure. Throughout the argument, the two actors should be facing each other at a short distance away. Although the argument is tense, the actor playing Loveless must stand firm in his belief that Amanda’s distrusts of his faithfulness are wrong. In order to portray the anger on stage, not only must this exchange happen in rapid succession between Amanda and Loveless, they need to physically exaggerate their bodily movements to show anger and frustration. Although Loveless will remain cold-hearted even when the act ends, Amanda’s voice must be brought to a whimper after Loveless screams, â€Å"Fie, fie, Amanda! It is not kind thus to distrust me† (I. i. 127). Whereas Loveless’s fears are founded on distrust, Amanda ’s are â€Å"founded on [her] love† (I. i. 128). There is a collision of faithfulness and infidelity, love and deceit. As the act concludes, Amanda’s last lines, â€Å"’Twould be a weakness in my tongue / my prudence could not answer / If I should press you farther with my fears; / I’ll therefore trouble you no longer with ‘em,† depict her ultimate surrender to her husband’s infidelity (I. i. 136-140). Unable to persuade Loveless to stay with her in the countryside, Vanbrugh limits the female voice in communication to man, suggesting that the only hope for Amanda now is in a higher power of God. The first act of John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse; or Virtue in Danger is extraordinarily powerful in its ability to disclose characters’ motives and inner desires to the audience. In addition, not only is this opening scene captivating, it does not rely on luxurious staging or lighting. Because this play has a focus on appearance versus reality, through the means of dress and setting, the audience is able to acknowledge the ways in which the actors manipulate and deceive. From setting the stage to appear unfitting for Loveless to clothing Amanda in a simple night gown, the audience is able to detect the incompatibility of the married couple. Relying on the actors’ tone and body movements to betray their own selves, the audience can see through the actors’ deceits and self-denial. Ultimately, it is through the careful and well thought-out intertwining of the script and the acting that will determine the success of The Relapse.

Common law and Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Common law and Equity - Essay Example Equity is no part of the law, but a moral virtue which qualifies, moderates and reforms the rigour, hardness and edge of the law and is a universal truth. It also assists the law where it is defective and weak in the constitution. It refers to a particular set of remedies and related procedures. The role of the office of equity is to support and protect the common law from shifts and crafty devices against the justice of the law. Equity neither destroys nor creates the law but assist it. Equity is a means of preventing any unfairness which might otherwise result from rigid application of formal legal rules (Hudson, 2005, p.14,). Equity supplemented and remedied the deficiencies in the common law. The main remedy at common law is damages. Equity offers remedies other than damages such as the injunction and specific performance (Gubby, 2004, p.37). Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy, and thus equity establishes its core jurisdiction to ensure that a claimant will be entitled to acquire some redress for a wrong done to him or her or to protect some right in property (Hudson, 2004, p.9). The fundamental similarity between common law and equity is that... s a moral character to the common law and may be used synonymously with common law for the simple reason that what is legal is necessarily moral (Hamilton, Jaren, Pound, 1999, p.91). Except for different mode of administering justice in each court, it is law and reason which governs both equity and common court. Both equity and common law are 'damages'. 'Damages' at common law means a monetary response to a breach of duty. That breach of duty might be a breach of contract or it might be tort. This approach nullifies a prevalent view that 'damages' are synonymous to compensation. In common law, non compensatory monetary awards for wrongs that are acknowledged to be forms of damages namely exemplary damages, restitutionary damages and disgorgement damages. All these forms of damages have counterparts in equity. Awards of equitable compensation or 'accounts of profits', which responds to wrongs in equity, are actually different forms of damages. With the recognition that the former are simply equity's 'compensatory damages' and the later are equity's 'disgorgement damages', an understanding of rules of causation and remoteness in equity can be developed in comparison to common law counterparts. Although different sets of rules apply for different wrongs and different conducts, the nature of law is always relevant for both common law and equity. For example, the wrong of fraudulent representation in equity is identical to the tort of deceit and for that matter the same test of remoteness should apply and comparison is helpful (Robertson, 2004, p.32). Differences In case of common law, remedy is granted to a claimant who could establish a case at law, usually in proof of certain formalities and pleading a specified form of action. A common law is fairly inflexible in

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Apple - Essay Example Apple leverages on its strong leadership and ability to beat stiff competition, in order to remain significant and overcome challenges such as the death of its co-founder Steve Jobs (Fowler & Vascellaro 1) and major ethical and managerial challenges. This analysis focuses on Apple’s unique culture and work environment, how the leadership style and organizational structure contribute to its growth, ethical challenges and how the company manages its internal and external conflicts. The paper asserts that Apple’s success is attributed to strong and efficient management of organization behavior and positive response to environmental challenges that offset the balance in organizational behavior. Apple has a unique culture driven by passion for new products with no end to challenges and opportunities. Apple is the pioneer of ‘work hard play hard’ ethic that advocates for maintenance of strong work ethics. However, although Apple’s work environment is often casual and relaxed, there is strong commitment to meeting deadlines. Thus, the work culture is fun yet demanding. Apple’s workers have great autonomy and independence of work as they work in a challenging and creative work environment. The company adopted a style that is neither too formal nor hierarchical and result-driven approach to work. The culture at Apple encourages creativity within the formal structure of product development and launches ((Fowler & Vascellaro 1). Apple is ‘an army’ everyone has a role in the product development cycle and is responsible for results in that role. The culture emphasizes on work ethics, workers’ autonomy and independence in their work. Th e culture also idolizes product development and a sense of continuous improvement. Apple has a unique work environment that focuses on organizational behavior. Human behavior at Apple is characterized by opportunities that give workers

Emigration Essay Example for Free

Emigration Essay Emigration refers to the process of an individual or a group of people living their place of origin or residence country to live in another country. The concept of emigration is very much similar to immigration except for the native country. It is usually used to describe the act and phenomenon that characterizes human movement between establishment states or boundaries. The act of emigration usually occurs for various reasons; some people might decide to emigrate for political, economic as well as social reasons and others for such personal reasons like the desire to find a spouse while visiting another country and in the process emigrating to settle with them in other cases, old couples may decide to move from cold climates in order to settle in warm climates so as to spend the rest of their lives (Terra D. , 2000). This paper is about the benefits and disadvantages of emigration as a process. It also tackles the issues that have been debated on increasing the number of legal emigrants to the United States. Even though the emigration phenomenon has many ups, often, there are a few downs that come with its. Thus, it is important for both the individual and the states concerned to consider these aspects, before the emigration process is complete. In the U. S there has been a recent political heat generated by both the legal and illegal emigrants to America. Various factors like the war on drugs, terrorism, as well as the national deficit have entirely added the momentum to the debate on emigration. It is projects that by 2015, the total population of emigrants in the U. S would be at about 420 million people. The population of the Hispanics who emigrated from Mexico could be at 100 million, which make about 57 percent of the total number of emigrants to U. S. The U. S offers individuals a chance that often change many lives. For example, a large number of intelligence and ambitious persons, who are seemingly dissatisfied with the state of affairs in the mother countries often, bring these skills to America. The net effect by this is that the country of origin usually loses its most skilled personnel through the brain drain process. This will hinder the development progress of the country. On the other hand the country of destination often benefit from this process as it gets to get the best-trained and skilled personnel (Terra D. , 2000). In fact English and other European citizens who risked a great deal of their lives to sail across the sea founded the U. S. The products processed the skilled individuals can help improve the lives o the people in the mother countries who may not hence have had the technology to provide them in spite of the human resource. Emigration also increases the diversity of a country and its population and at the same time expands the culture of the destination country. The multi-ethnic religion languages and cultures is in America is mothered by other nation; the aspect of diversity offers a more tolerant population which is superficially than the indigenous population. It often presents new ideas perspectives music and food, the world of entertainment is often awash with new ideas and different customs among others that were originally not present. The emigrants in most cases take up the low paying jobs that are labor intensive but which must be done all the same and are usually shunned by the indigenous population. Similarly the additional cheap labor that is provided for by the emigrants aids the flexibility of business resulting in affordable prices better quality products as well as higher profits. One of the factors that affect the cost of doing business is labor thus, when most firms are faced with the crisis of doing low skill jobs like cleaning rooms they are bound to raise wages as high as possible so as to meet the demand or eliminate them altogether. Even though the prospect of higher wages sounds good for the employees it often means higher prices or that the business must operate within lower profit margins would translate to lower stock prices and thus less investment in dollar inflow. However the option of eliminating the positions altogether is not a viable one. As for one the business denies individuals the opportunity to employment on positions it can offer and that the service offered will also be of low quality. For instance the quality of food served would be compromised if dishes cannot be properly cleaned. These issues can best be solved if the base of the labor pool is expanded through the legal emigration process being increased (http://www. balancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm). The emigration phenomenon presents individuals who are struggling in their places of origin the chance for a better life. The history of America is built on individuals who emigrated to U. S and in the process sought opportunity, political as well as religious freedom among other various factors. For instance people should pose in the midst of the debate and ask themselves very pertinent questions like whether emigration are of any significance for America and also understand the issue from the perspective of the emigrant for example imagine you were the emigrant who was faced with starvation, detention without trial or risked hanging for practicing a faith that you so much believed in. r worse still you would not afford other basic human rights like expression the right for free education, medical care among others. Faced with this kind of dilemma anyone would opt for any alternative that is able to offer him or her a better chance to live. The United States is built or the backbone or such individuals who have sacrificed much to achieve this. There are equally very pertinent issues that have been rais ed by the opponents of the emigration process. For example the inflow of may emigrants posses the risk of many opportunities for terrorists drug dealers as well as other criminals to gain access to the country legally. As was demonstrated in the 9/11 tragedy most of the perpetrators legally emigrated to US thus, any chance that would increase the opportunities for entering the country only enhances the possibility of having many terrorists and drug dealers. Once they gain entry they have the freedom to wreck have however still the illegal emigrants pose more threat than the legal ones, as there are no proper records to help trace them (http://www. alancedpolitics. org/immigration. htm). There is also the perception that the emigrant particularly the poorer ones often are a burden on the tax payers in terms of healthcare education welfare among others as they consume more than they are able to give. A majority of emigrants to the United States often starts in the job market at very low wages unless they receive additional training. Apparently the tax system makes the provision of keeping low-income earners exempt from being taxed. This often translates to the case where the level of government resources needed for social security welfare healthcare and other activities like unemployment compensation among others will heavily be increased on the groups on a large that either pays very little or no taxes at all The other issue that is often raised in this debate is that the National identity of the Americans as well the language is slowly disappearing when for instance the debate on the issue of emigrants hotel up, there were numerous protests anti American slurs and Spanish version of the American anthem. This does not auger well for national cohesion, as people would be pulling apart in classes like race, tribes, and religion among others. The other problem that is presented by the emigrants is that less skilled American citizens will continue to earn less and at the same opportunities for this group will diminish as they are in competition with the emigrants. Thus, if the government pumps in more people seeking job opportunities, the amount of opportunities for work decreases. In addition the laws of economic supply as well as demand would certainly push the wages paid to the workers down further than they would be. However with a committed government policy and economic growth some of these fears can be eliminated. In effect the act by the government to decrease or altogether eliminate the chance of legal emigration to the U. S will only serve to create a strong desire for more people to entry the country illegally, Which will eventually result in less assimilation and at the same time fewer taxpaying as well as law abiding citizens in America (Fitzgerald D. , Waldinger R. , 2004 ). Many people have emigrated from their countries to America as the prospect of having a real chance of bettering their lives their children or family. Majorities of the people who have emigrated to American have often been characterized as those who would do all in their capacity just to gain access whether legally or not. This has forced illegal emigrants to often hide. As such they will not formally attend America schools, file tax returns like the rest of the citizens or any other typical activities that Americans undertake. Besides if they are able to break the law by gaining entry in to the country illegally there is no guarantee that this act will stop once they come to America. Consequently the legal emigrants and in particular those that plan to permanently settle in the U.  S are and must pay taxes and will most likely go to school to learn like the rests of the American population. Similarly since they are legally in America, they are less likely to hide and will easily assimilate with the rest of the prospect of losing national identity, language and culture. Finally they can also engage and earn the right to vote and at the same time participate in the political process which basically means they are able to develop a decision making stake in shaping the future of America. Therefore emigration as a process has much to offer for both the country of origin and the designate one.

The Chinese Intelligentsia during the Hundred Flowers and Anti-rightist

The Chinese Intelligentsia during the Hundred Flowers and Anti-rightist Movement After the coming to power of the CCP and the formation of the People’s Republic of China, thorough and drastic changes began to take place in China. A country which had been founded on a mixture of Confucianism and a very spiritual lifestyle, with ancestor worship and even praying to the god of a particular object, which had went through various revolutions and changings of the guard, began to follow the influence of a Red Giant. The theories of Communism which were developed through a collaboration of Marx and Engels began to penetrate China through the Soviet influence. The sweeping changes that were introduced by Mao Zedong and his party would influence China in every aspect, and attempt to eradicate the old ways, which were consider to be corrupted and no longer represented what was right for the country as a whole. The CCP changed the way the government was set up, changed the way foreign relations were handled, re-evaluated the economic policies of the country, and, possibly more drastically, attempted, arguably successfully, to control and change the way people thought. The anti rightist movements of the 50s and 60s attempted to do just that. These movements followed on the heels of what was known as the Hundred Flowers. The Hundred Flowers slogan was â€Å"Let a hundred Flowers Bloom, a Hundred Schools of Thought Contend†. The movement which had started in the spring of 1956 was a movement that was began by the party to do several things. The main theme behind the movement was to welcome criticism of the party by the intellectuals of the country, and was considered a good way for the party to prove that it cared about the people, was interested, and listening to what they had to say. According to Teiwes: Lu (Ting-i) argued the victory of socialist transformation and a fundamental change in the political outlook of intellectuals created conditions for the Hundred Flowers. He held that free discussion and independent thinking were necessary to avoid academic stagnation and declared the imposition of narrow, doctrinaire restrictions on intellectual life the â€Å"bitter enemy† of true Marxism Leninism. (219) Mao was under the impression that Communism was so perfect that intellectual criticism would not be hurt, but benefit the attitudes in the country. This was a major chan... ... to keep their opinions to themselves. It would take years for them to find their voice again. Not, only did this movement silence millions, but it was also the moment for many Chinese, when the cracks in the party started to show. The man who had been revered as a god, had made a mistake, and people started to question themselves and their beliefs. Jung Chang’s mother was one of these individuals who began to question the Communist party and its methods, however not openly. Her husband however would not question it. Their relationship is a microcosm of the country. The people who saw the fissures forming were afraid to say anything, but the blind followers of the party where afraid to listen: One day, when she ventured some critical comments about the situation and got no response from him, she said bitterly, â€Å"You are a good Communist, but a rotten husband!† My father nodded. He said he knew. (Chang, 219) Works Cited Chang, Jung. Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China. New York: First Anchor Books, 1992. Fu-Sheng, Mu. The Wilting of the Hundred Flowers. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc, 1963. Teiwes, Frederick. Politics and Purges in China. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1979.

Robert Martinson

Indeed, the article written by Robert Martinson entitled â€Å"What Works? Questions and Answers About Prison Reform† has given much controversy to the application of rehabilitation in relation to recidivism. The claims of the article written by the team of Martinson, which includes Dr. Doug Lipton as the senior author and Judith Wilks as the co-author, centered on the theme that there is no significant improvement with rehabilitation strategies. This has been widely accepted by both the Left and the Right and became popular as the â€Å"Nothing Works!† (Sarre 2). Both people and institutions have come to think that the findings provided that nothing works for the crime offenders are something that should be accepted and is a fact (Sarre 2). Thus, it is until now that the claims of Martinson, despite two decades have passed is something that has been held by public agencies involved (Sarre 5). Despite the fact that people have already taken this fact with open arms, there are things which might have been left before Martinson and the authors could speak to clarify the findings further. The conclusions may be of significance but to every research, there are limitations and problems that should be realized together with this. Indeed, the conclusions of Martinson that strategies of rehabilitation employed are not as effective would require a deeper understanding that it may be for a particular group of people and that the limitations would have to be considered for the conclusions rendered. It could be said that the phrase â€Å"nothing works† is not the conclusion that the authors would want to convey for their study. It is not in its entirety that they would want this to be the message. In fact, it is only a partial of this because as they mentioned â€Å"†¦ with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism† and â€Å"our present strategies †¦ cannot overcome, or even appreciably reduce, the powerful tendencies of offenders to continue in criminal behavior† (as qtd in Sarre 2). It is to be noted that there is the phrase â€Å"few and isolated exceptions† and â€Å"our present strategies† which would require some note that there is a hope that rehabilitation is concluded to be still there, just have to be improved or searched. Before Martinson passed away, he claimed that the some treatment programs do have an effect and these are on â€Å"individual psychotherapy, group counseling, intensive supervision, and what we have called individual/help (aid, advice, counseling)† (as qtd in Sarre 4). This could be seen as a parallel point to the phrases â€Å"few and isolated exceptions† and â€Å"our present strategies.† A possible explanation that may be given for such is a phrase written by Sarre as â€Å"the burial of rehabilitation as an aim of sentencing appears to have occurred before its death had even been announced† (5). People have rushed into conclusions before the authors were given the chance to explain further the study or to conduct several researches more to confirm if this is for the general population. The negative picture associated with the criminal offenders would likewise give further strength to the ideas received by the population. The careful publication of researches should be made in the future should be observed and the constant challenge to ideas presented with a critical mind and eyes should be maintained. Work Cited Sarre, Rick. Beyond â€Å"What Works?† A 25 Year Jubilee Retrospective of Robert Martinson. Paper presented at the History of Crime, Policing and Punishment Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in conjunction with Charles Sturt University and held in Canberra, 9-10 December 1999. 8 April 2008 [http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/hcpp/sarre.pdf].

Ensuring the Business Aspects are Successful

As with any concern partnership between an U.S. corporation and a Latin American corporation, universities that spouse to offer academic plans must see the fiscal and operational facets of such partnerships. This paper deals with international partnerships between universities as research labs for coaction between concerns. The elements that make for a successful articulation venture go beyond the academic issues of content and how that content is delivered to pupils. This paper deals with the concern and inter-university relationships in developing and implementing articulation or collaborative grade plans between universities. It does non cover with traditional exchange plans or double grade plans where one of the universities is the dominant establishment at which the pupils really earn the grade. ; instead the coaction here deals with the joint development and offering of course of study by the establishments as equal spouses that leads to the awarding of a joint or collaborative grade. Regis University, founded in 1877, is one of 28 Jesuit universities in the United States. The university enrolls more than 16,000 pupils who study at its Denver, Colorado campus, seven other regional campuses and on-line via distance acquisition. The University has developed relationships with the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland, the National University of Ireland in Galway, Ireland, and ITESO in Guadalajara, Mexico every bit good as other relationships with schools in other parts of the universe. This paper concentrates on the relationships with the Ulster, Galway and ITESO for intents of the research theoretical account. The University of Ulster is the major university in Northern Ireland and is portion of the higher educational system in the United Kingdom. Ulster is similar to Regis University in that both have multiple campus that serve diverse populations and both have extended on-line educational plans. The National University of Ireland in Galway is involved in extended educational partnerships throughout Europe and in Asia every bit good as supplying extended go oning instruction grade plans for working grownups within the state. ITESO, located in Guadalajara, Mexico, is a Jesuit university as is Regis University. ITESO offers a important figure of academic and go oning professional development plans for working grownups and via its distance instruction scheduling. ITESO participates in an extended web of schools throughout North and Latin America every bit good as in Europe and Asia. Literature The educational literature has a great trade of research refering the traditional pupil exchange plans between international universities every bit good as survey abroad, and double grade plans, yet there is small about the development and operation of jointly developed and operated degree plans. The double grade plans in the literature be given to be coactions where one of the universities offers the grade ( typically the U.S. spouse ) and the other school provides pupils. In many instances these double grade plans allow the pupils of either school to reassign a specific figure of classs into the other grade and to take classs at each school. But the pupils are normally considered degree seeking at the dominant spouse in the relationship. What needs to be looked at is how we develop and guarantee that both the U.S. school and the school in the other state is a full and equal spouse in the coaction. One such partnership that seems to signal such a alteration is the joint partnership between the British Council and the state of Brazil. In an article depicting this partnership Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) stated that â€Å" ( vitamin E ) quality in the proviso of financess has a practical and symbolic significance aˆÂ ¦ , meaning that this is a coaction that sets out to replace traditional north-south relationships of giver and receiver with echt academic partnerships † ( P. 27. ) What the writers were seeking to state and what seems to be needed in developing such international coactions is that there is a demand for common regard and engagement where both organisations bring similar or complementary accomplishments and resources to the tabular array as opposed to the traditional theoretical account which typic ally has the U.S. or European university supplying the existent educational chances at the U.S. school with the bulk of the pupils coming from the other state. What their paper efforts to make is analyze the relationship between the U.S. school and the Latin American school in a different visible radiation. Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) paraphrased Altbach ( 1981 ) in which Altbach commented on the quandary 3rd universe universities so had in deriving acknowledgment even though academic public presentation and research in the 3rd universe had improved greatly over the old ages since World War II. It seems that the perceptual experience was that the establishments in the U.S. and Europe have the monopoly on cognition and the 3rd universe is in demand of that cognition. Such attitudes continue and have limited cooperation and coaction. Canto and Hannah believe that since the late 1970 ‘s schools in the U.S. and Europe have entered into horizontal partnerships that include three elements: â€Å" ( a ) the being of old cognition of the other spouse to set up realistic outlooks † which came from Samoilovich ‘s work in the 1990 â⠂¬Ëœs, â€Å" ( B ) the echt sharing of each other ‘s experiences † which they got from work done by Balan in the 1990 ‘s, and â€Å" ( degree Celsius ) the application of each other ‘s cognition instead than a one-way transportation † of cognition from the dominant school, which came from work done by Bor and Shute in the 1990 ‘s. ( 2001, P. 32. ) Some issues identified by Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) include: holding a clear apprehension of each spouse ‘s strengths and failings, holding a great trade of trust in each other, low degrees of struggle an equal partnership where both spouses are respected for what each brings to the relationship, acknowledging that linguistic communication can be a barrier, and holding regard for each school ‘s cultural differences. Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) besides looked at three links that need to be considered. These are linguistics, sociology, and engineering. Each of these demands to be considered when developing a partnership where both schools play an equal function in developing the academic course of study and be aftering the concern theoretical account for operations. This was re-enforced by Shaw ( 2006 ) who speaks to the importance of understanding political environments in each state every bit good as within each establishment involved in the partnership. He farther commented that the â€Å" ( s ) tability of a joint venture refers to the length of service of the relationship, and it is dependent, in portion, upon the combination and communicating between theaˆÂ ¦partners † ( P. 439. ) Shaw ( 2006 ) besides identified barriers that must be considered in developing partnerships in the academic sphere. These tend to back up what Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) noted in their research. Shaw spoke to fiscal support, division of work and control, struggle, cultural differences, and environmental factors ( P. 442. ) An interesting fact is that international joint ventures have declined in figure over the past decennary ( Popper, 2002 ) and while Popper is talking by and large about transnational companies, she notes that much of the diminution is because the spouses have different involvements. Popper ‘s remarks tend to back up the treatment above refering issues to be alert about when developing coactions between U.S. or European universities and their opposite numbers in Latin America. Chowdhury and Chowdhury ( 2002 ) remark that it is of import to develop â€Å" synergism among the spouse houses ( P. 52. ) They further speak to the symmetric houses holding an inducement for organizing the partnership in the demand to increase demand ( p. 57. ) If this is translated into an educational partnership, so the end may good be to increase demand for higher instruction in one or both states – or at least the demand for an instruction from the spouse schools. Finally Nadler and Nadler ( 1990 ) speak to the demand to see the homo resource demands in joint ventures. They commented that â€Å" the fluctuation in cultural norms from state to state should be recognized and understood † ( p. 71 ) when sing human resource issues. Each spouse may hold different accomplishments and cognition to impart to the coaction and this needs to be understood and planned for. Nadler and Nadler farther noted that both spouses in a joint venture must understand that each spouse may miss some human resources capacity and that may necessitate to be developed. Lessons Learned from Regis University and its Spouses Relationship Building The literature clearly noted that one of the keys to success with international collaborative ventures is the development of relationships ( Canto & A ; Hannah, 2001, Shaw, 2006, Popper, 2002, Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 2002, and Nadler & A ; Nadler, 1990. ) Based on an analysis of the international coactions between Regis University, Denver, Colorado and the three international spouses introduced before, relationship edifice likely is foremost in those elements that ensured success and when non to the full developed, resulted in failure. Prior to get downing to develop any academic plans with ITESO in Guadalajara and the National University of Ireland in Galway ( NUIG ) both schools spent considerable clip acquiring to cognize each other. In the instance of NUIG the partnership began with senior functionaries at both schools meeting through a 3rd party and so merely researching possible chances over a twosome of old ages. The same occurred with ITESO. Representatives of both schools foremost met through a conference sponsored by AJCU and AUSCAL in Guadalajara and so about a twelvemonth subsequently at an IAJBS educational conference. That led to farther contacts and visits. During these meetings and societal contacts, both parties got to cognize the people and their civilizations, and developed a trusting relationship. In the first instance, these contacts led to the formation of a joint Irish Studies plan online between NUIG and Regis University. The plan was designed to be little in order to develop a working relat ionship and has continued. Later that plan led to the development and execution of an on-line alumnus grade in package technology. The relationship at ITESO resulted in execution of a joint MBA grade where pupils from both schools can gain an extra grade from each by taking nucleus classs at the place establishment and so a series of classs at the other. This relationship is now leting ITESO and Regis University to look at traveling into a jointly offered grade for the remainder of Latin America. An illustration of a plan that likely failed because the relationship was non adequately developed before seeking to implement a plan was the joint MS grade in International Management between Regis University and the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland. Here the determination to travel forward was made really rapidly by the top decision makers in each school. No clip was allowed for the module of each university to acquire to cognize each other and work together before planning. This resulted in miscommunications about course of study, policies, civilization in each state and the schools themselves, every bit good as other administrative issues. When the Numberss of pupils did non happen in the beginning, it was easy to merely end the understanding. Relationship edifice in any concern venture is critical to the success of the venture. In higher instruction it may be even more of import since the success of the joint venture or coaction depends on people wholly. The strength of the Regis-NUIG relationship is a personal 1 between a twosome of persons at each establishment that has led to other personal relationships between module and staff at each school. While there is a common linguistic communication, there are still differences in civilization and model. ITESO is a Jesuit university as is Regis University so there was an bing bond, yet it was the development of the personal relationships between module and staff at both schools that ensured a successful partnership. Fiscal Issues Fiscal issues can be a deal-breaker if non handled suitably in any joint venture, but possibly even more so when working across international boundary lines. The development of a strong trusting relationship will assist both spouses work through struggles that may originate refering who contributes what fiscal and physical resources and how disbursals are accounted for. The relationship with ITESO was assisted by a grant from the First Data/Western Union foundation that provided monies to make some conferences in Mexico for civil sector workers and organisations with ITESO and others taking a leading function in Mexico. The grant besides provided dollars to get down be aftering a certification ( sheepskin ) plan in the civil sector country and for conveying some module from ITESO to Regis during the summer intensives the University holds each twelvemonth. From this get downing the concern and direction modules began speaking about the joint MBA construct which subsequently developed into the current offering between the two schools. There are a figure of ways to develop the concern program that can impact the fiscal resources needed for the successful execution of the collaborative attempt. One theoretical account is to merely hold each school wage for its ain costs and so split the grosss generated. This avoids the job of finding methods for apportioning disbursals. Each establishment decides what budgetary disbursals should be included in the undertaking. It may besides avoid the job of costs at one location being more or less than the other. One disadvantage may be that the theoretical account relies on each to equitably back up the operational disbursals. If the coaction is online there likely needs to be some expression for the on-line production and hosting of the classs. Sharing the grosss besides has advantages and disadvantages. It does presume that there is some equity in the Numberss of pupils recruited by each spouse ; otherwise, it is possible one school is lending more than the other. A 2nd theoretical account is to still hold each school budget its ain disbursals, but have each school keep the grosss it generates through its ain recruiting attempts. This theoretical account might include each school counterbalancing the other when a pupil takes a class ( s ) from the other school. Or each school merely keeps the gross it generates. The advantage to this theoretical account is that it is clear and each school is individually at hazard. The disadvantage is that presuming costs are equal in most instances, one school may bring forth more gross than the other one and therefore the partnership might be uneven. A 3rd theoretical account is to develop a individual agreed upon budget and so apportion costs based on what services and resources are provided by each establishment. It follows that grosss would besides be allocated on a similar expression. This theoretical account ensures that each school is accountable to the whole since each has a interest in the result. Like the old theoretical account the challenge will be to maintain some kind of para in the relationship. Costss for such coactions include: selling and recruiting disbursals, production costs for online development, module and staff costs, aggregations disbursals and other administrative operating expense, and start-up disbursals. Depending on the size of the coaction these can be rather dearly-won to each organisation. Each of these will be dealt with in assorted subdivisions of the paper to follow. Another component of fundss to believe about is the international pecuniary exchange rate and how that is calculated. Historically, the exchange has been based on the U.S. dollar, but in the current economic environment the fluctuation in exchange rates takes on an importance that may non hold been at that place in the yesteryear. If the two schools portion grosss, it can be debatable finding at what point the exchange rate is fixed. Along with the exchange rate is the inquiry of whose currency payments are made in. Each spouse may be bear downing tuition in its ain currency which makes it hard to find if the charges to pupils are tantamount. Such dialogues have had important impacts on the coactions between Regis University and its spouses. The coaction with NUIG requires each spouse to budget its ain disbursals, nevertheless, there is a expression for points such as selling disbursals and some overhead that vary between states. In Europe it is common to non bear down pupils for required texts and to utilize other beginnings, while in the U.S. pupils typically pay for their ain books and more frequently than non text editions are required. How do the spouses determine an just manner of covering with these differences? Both Regis and NUIG agreed on a expression for dividing the grosss earned from pupil tuitions ; of class, during the first few old ages at that place have ever been minor dialogues as to how that works at the terminal of the twelvemonth when the transportation of monies occurs. With the coaction with ITESO, the current undertaking has each school responsible for its ain disbursals including selling and enli sting. Each school besides charges its ain tuition for all classs in the plan and so each spouse compensates the other for those classs taken at the spouse school by its pupils. However, ITESO and Regis University came to an understanding on what the tuition would be for this plan. Compensation for pupils taking classs at the other spouse is in that school ‘s currency. For the Ulster venture, the allotment was more complicated and included negociating all disbursals and costs every bit good as the tuition rate. Each school shared in the budget based on a negotiated expression. This proved to be slightly dissentious. If either establishment is come ining the understanding with the purpose of functioning 1000s of pupils and doing important net incomes they will probably be disappointed. While larning from one another and come ining markets that might hold been out of range are surely worthwhile and come-at-able ends, doing more than a modest net income is non. The financials developed prior to come ining the understanding between Regis University and Ulster promised tremendous net income. The failure of this net income to happen was one more nail in the casket of that venture. One lesson learned was that maintaining it every bit simple as possible is in the best involvement of both spouses. While the ITESO coaction merely late the purpose has been that this theoretical account will ensue in a better direction procedure for disbursals. Merchandise Development Here we speak in footings of course of study development every bit good as production of online classs. It is likely that occupants in each state or part of the universe will hold different demands and desires when it comes to the course of study, how that course of study is offered, and what is expected in the manner of work. The modules at both schools need to come to understanding on what the course of study will include in order to outdo service diverse pupil organic structures. The modules of ITESO and Regis University spent considerable clip working together on placing the acquisition results for a collaborative MBA and what classs might be appropriate and the sum of clip it might take to finish the grades. In the instance of this partnership it was decided that each school would go on to offer classs that already exist. In add-on it was determined that each university ‘s pupils needed to finish the nucleus at the place school and so take five classs from the other school which would transcripted at both. ITESO teaches its classs in Spanish and Regis teaches its classs in English. For the NUIG coaction, each school became responsible for developing half of the course of study, so dialogues centered on what type of classs and content ought to be included and which school is responsible for which courses. This procedure took considerable clip and communications between the modules at each school. For most of the classs each school was able to accommodate its ain class work for the coaction. Regis University and the University of Ulster besides developed a theoretical account where each school developed half of the course of study ; nevertheless, it was decided to get down from abrasion. The construct included both modules working together on the content. This created important jobs in coming to understanding and probably besides contributed to the eventual expiration of the understanding. Production includes finding who and how classs will be written and produced for on-line presentation. It is imperative that the classs be offered on one platform so the understanding needs to specify which school hosts the plan and how the modules of the two schools participate with the development squad. Selling Determining the mark market is a important facet of the coaction. The other inquiry that must be asked and answered is who is responsible for making the selling and enlisting. In the instance of the Ulster coaction, the negotiated understanding stated that while both schools would make selling, Regis University would be responsible for most of the attempt. Ulster would host the classs on its WebCT platform. This proved to be a job since the Regis selling squad had no experience selling a plan in another state and had to play catch up. With both ITESO and NUIG each school markets to its ain market, which seems to be a better attack. This besides means that each school identifies who the mark market will be. In the instance of the Ulster coaction it was Regis University ‘s function to place the European market which proved to be much more hard than idea. Consideration must be given to making marketing surveies in the states to be involved. Such surveies need to include who are the possible pupils, their companies, whether the companies assist in paying the tuition, and what the tuition scope will be. If the coaction will include offering the degree plan beyond the two states, what are the planetary considerations. Agreement is needed between the spouses on what is to be marketed. Here once more cultural differences and regional differences play a portion. What may work in the U.S. is non needfully what will work in Latin America. One inquiry to inquire is whether the possible pupil population is ready and willing to take part in the plan. One premise is that a combined U.S./Latin American or U.S./European grade is something that will be sought after if offered. And if so are pupils willing to make so via the cyberspace. It appears that leting each spouse to make its ain selling is the best option for a figure of grounds. These include cognition of the local civilization and peoples, cognition of the types of selling that work best, and costs included. For illustration in the North American market making internet gross revenues may be a better attack while in Europe direct gross revenues may work better. Technology Technology is non merely the platform and class direction system to be used in offering the coaction. It besides includes cognizing what engineering the possible market has entree to, the set breadth in the states and sub-regions of states, costs of entree to the cyberspace, and even clip zone issues that affect use. Latin America has long used orbiter transmittal and wireless transmittal for certificate/diploma plans since these engineerings have been available. Switch overing to the cyberspace to convey educational plans is a new manner of making this, and the possible pupils need to hold entree to the engineering. And they need to desire to make so. One of the lessons obtained from the Ulster coaction was that the selling survey showed that pupils in northern Europe had ready entree to the cyberspace and to the engineering to entree it. At the same clip the farther South in Europe one went the less likely it was that possible pupils would entree the cyberspace either because of no involvement or because there was non ready entree. A inquiry for the partnership with ITESO is that one time it expands beyond the regional country served by ITESO, will possible pupils have the engineering and entree to take part. In some instances this may necessitate a committedness from the individual ‘s employer to supply entree through the corporate web. Legal and Governmental One frequently does non believe about or see the legal and governmental issues that can be involved in international coactions. This is a important facet of concern partnerships since international trade is governed by many regulations and ordinances. In most academic exchange plans there are few limitations even for double grades when merely one spouse really offers the grade. However, for the types of partnerships addressed by this paper, there are many considerations. First are accreditation issues. For Regis University, the Higher Learning Commission ( HLC ) of the North Central Association of Schools and Colleges ( NCA ) must at least reappraisal such coactions prior to their execution. For the spouses there may be a demand to hold the instruction ministry for the state review the undertaking and O.K. it. Such blessings are required if the grades are to be jointly awarded and the course of study is being shared by both schools. Issues include transcripting of credits and the grades, module makings, academic quality and appraisal, and many other concerns. There may be specific governmental limitations or regulations that must be met in each state. These may be academic constituents or things like pupil funding issues, travel limitations, visa demands if pupils travel between states, pecuniary policies, and contract regulations and ordinances. An interesting obstruction discovered after the partnership was ready to get down in Ireland was the find that Irish Constitution requires any grade offered by NUIG to be entirely awarded by the National University of Ireland. That created jobs since NUIG and Regis had planned on presenting a joint grade for the alumnus grade in package technology. The solution was to hold the pupils decide which state he/she wanted the grade from after which the pupil completed the finishing touch for that university. Besides the grade being awarded from either NUIG or Regis University, the schools jointly give the pupils a parchment that describes the joint venture and that the grade is recorded at each school. The University of Ulster did non hold such jobs since it is located in Northern Ireland which is portion of the United Kingdom. Ulster was authorized to find its ain grade awarding regulations and so it was all right to present a joint grade. However, Ulster believed there were other regulat ions that affected how the plan could be structured. In both instances outside judges needed to be involved at the terminal of each twelvemonth to reexamine pupil advancement and base on balls on whether the pupils met academic criterions. This was something new for Regis University. The stiff regulations in Northern Ireland likely besides contributed to the struggle that finally resulted in the plan being terminated. ITESO must run into the academic regulations in consequence in Mexico ; nevertheless, because of ITESO ‘s position with the instruction ministry, it is authorized to develop a coaction that includes jointly presenting grades. In add-on the Mexican higher instruction system operates in a mode more similar to the United States theoretical account. Another regulative issue involves standards used by the Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business ( AACSB ) which frequently requires that both spouses be AACSB accredited. This lone affects concern and direction plans, but since that is the country where most of these ventures will happen the regulation is important. If pupils must go to the other location, in-migration regulations apply. This could be an obstruction for some. Faculty certificates and makings are besides something to see. The accreditation organic structures will interested how each spouse evaluates and assesses the certificates of the module involved. Regis University and its spouses have chosen to follow standards that province that each school accepts the credentialing procedure of the other school. Language Language is an of import factor. Even when the coaction is between an U.S. school and a European one ( including Ireland and the UK ) there are communicating jobs since idioms may be well different and difficult to understand. The issue of linguistic communication is even more of import when the partnership is between an U.S. university and one in Latin America. One inquiry to reply is whether all or some or none of the module demand to be bilingual to take part in the plan? This seems to hold been resolved with the Regis/ITESO coaction. Since the classs taught by ITESO are in Spanish and the 1s taught by Regis are taught in English, it was decided that being bi-lingual is non necessary. It is necessary of the pupils, nevertheless. Clarity is besides something to see in joint ventures. Given cultural and linguistic communication differences it is really of import to often corroborate that all parties are speaking about the same things. Even when there is a common linguistic communication, such as American English and British or Irish English, false blood relations ( i.e. disciplinas and Disciplines ; cursos and coursesaˆÂ ¦ etc. ) further complicate the affair. Frequent rewording and reappraisal aid to get the better of such jobs. As Canto and Hannah ( 2001 ) noted, linguistic communication can be an obstruction and must be considered. Language besides impacts how each spouse approaches selling. Leadership Issues Effective leading is a must in any coaction. The senior leadership/management at both spouses must be actively supportive of the venture. This includes a committedness for both administrative and fiscal support every bit good as supplying ample resources for module. Without such committedness it will be much more hard to implement and keep the coaction. However, such committedness can besides be a negative if each spouse does non affect the in-between direction leaders and module early on. One illustration of where leading ended up being a major job was the coaction between Regis University and the University of Ulster. The understanding to travel forward was made by the Vice Chancellor of Ulster and the petition to take part came from him without much work done to develop the relationship with the Faculty of Business and Management at Ulster. There was opposition to this new venture, particularly since the module believed they were already successful and were non certain they wanted to make this undertaking. Both schools besides appointed module leads who did non pass on good with each other which all excessively frequently met struggle and dissensions. On the other manus, the senior leading at both ITESO and NUIG were supportive from the beginning, but they knew that it was of import to construct the relationship foremost. In both instances the presidents or other senior leaders encouraged coaction and allowed for the relationship to develop. Faculty were besides empowered. This reduced the likeliness there would be opposition and struggle. Any clip there are alterations in leading and/or structural alterations to an establishment it may do it more hard for a fledgeling understanding to travel frontward. Any relationship such as those described in this paper is bound to ab initio be dependent in portion on the personal relationships established between the representatives of the establishments instead than between the establishments themselves. Merely with clip will be relationships become institutional instead than personal and even so it is incumbent on both establishments to proactively work to guarantee the on-going verve of the relationship. Leader support is critical to such enterprises since resources need to be committed and there is a likely demand to use fund long before any plan is really launched. Academic Outcomes Obviously academic quality is cardinal to any coaction. Students in such ventures want to be assured that the grade will be respected and will open doors. One ground pupils will desire to matriculate in such joint coactions is to acquire a place in an international organisation, whether that is in computing machine scientific discipline or concern. This takes on-going and uninterrupted work and coaction between the modules, appraisal of larning results, and guaranting quality experiences for pupils. Part of this includes working with the spouse. For illustration, in the coaction with NUIG, both schools committed to utilizing the outside reviewer theoretical account to yearly measure and measure pupil achievements. Training and go oning instruction for module is critical in such partnerships. Faculty from different states must work collaboratively. To make this these must be commitment to academic quality every bit good as quality and readily available pupil service and advising. Concluding Notes There are first-class grounds to look at organizing international coactions to offer joint grade plans. Such coaction ensures international Bridgess between states and civilizations. In a changing universe environment it may be even more of import that pupils and module, particularly at the alumnus degree, experience international civilizations and instruction. Much of what must be practiced externally in order to do such coactions work is no unlike that which should be in topographic point internally. Transparency, regard for one another, financial duty, realistic outlooks, quality control and a shared desire to function pupils and learn from one another surely will do such coactions more likely to win. It is besides of import to acknowledge that they may non all win and that larning from those that do n't is merely more likely to do subsequent attempts, with the same or different spouses, more rewarding. Jesuit instruction attempts have reached out to the universe since shortly after Ignatius of Loyola brought together his little set of comrades. Ignatian humanitarianism and spiritualty tell us that it is of import to get down with a individual ‘s experiences and so to construct on them, to convey understanding among all peoples. International coactions to offer joint grade plans bring these Jesuit values together across boundary lines and across oceans.